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Cancers of the Head and Neck - SEER Survival Monograph

Source: seer.cancer.gov
Topic: Head/Neck
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Sort Desciption: This chapter provides survival analyses for 40,811 histologically confirmed adult cases of cancers of the head and neck obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the NCI. ...

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This chapter provides survival analyses for 40,811 histologically confirmed adult cases of cancers of the head and neck obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program of the NCI. These cases included cancers of the lip, oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, tonsil, salivary glands, nasopharynx, nose, paranasal sinus, and middle ear. The tumors in this chapter all originate from the lining of the upper aerodigestive tract. The cell type of origin for the vast majority of patients is squamous cell. However, this is not the case for cancers of the paranasal sinus and salivary gland cancers, which are primarily of mixed cell types. Head and neck cancers can be divided into several groups. Epidemiologists often treat cancers of the tongue, gum, floor, and other parts of the mouth and of the pharynx as a single group referred to as oral cancer. However, some differences exist among these cancers in terms of epidemiology. Cancers of the lip have very different epidemiologic characteristics from the oral cancers and are generally considered separately. Cancers of the nose and paranasal sinuses have a low risk in the general population and have been associated with occupational and chemical exposures. The most frequently occurring cancers in the head and neck group (1) were tongue (21%), gum and other mouth sites (15%), tonsil (11%), and salivary gland (10%).

Tobacco and alcohol are major risk factors for many of these tumors (2). Prolonged exposure to sunlight, as occurs with farmers and others with outdoor occupations, is a clear contributor to carcinomas of the lip. In India and other parts of Asia, betel nut (arecoline) use and habitual reverse smoking in which the lighted end of the cigarette is held within the oral cavity are other etiologic agents (1).

The NCI SEER Program contracts individually with central cancer registries, based in organizations such as universities and state health departments, to obtain data on all cancers diagnosed in residents of the registryâ s catchment area. SEER collects data on all invasive and in situ cancers except basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin and in situ carcinomas of the uterine cervix.

SEER cancer registries are selected on the basis of two criteria: the registryâ s ability to operate and maintain a population-based cancer reporting system and the epidemiologic significance of their population subgroups. While some cancer registries have remained in the SEER Program since it began, others have left; additional registries have joined at a later date or left for a period of time and rejoined the Program later. This analysis is based on data from 12 geographic areas, which collectively represent approximately 14% of the total US population and include the States of Connecticut, Iowa, New Mexico, Utah, and Hawaii, and the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Atlanta, San Francisco, Seattle, San Jose, and Los Angeles, plus 10 counties in rural Georgia. Los Angeles contributed data for diagnosis years 1992 to 2001, while other areas for diagnosis years from 1988 to 2001.

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