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Chemical and physical agents

Source: www.who.int
Topic: Chemicals
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Sort Desciption: Chemical contaminants can enter surface waters or be deposited on beaches from both natural and anthropogenic sources. ...

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Chemical and physical agents. Chemical contaminants can enter surface waters or be deposited on beaches from both natural and anthropogenic sources. These may be either point sources, such as an industrial outfall or a natural spring, or non-point (diffuse) sources, such as runoff from land. In most cases, there will be signicant dilution or attenuation of contaminants, depending on circumstances. In all cases, chemical and physical con- tamination must be assessed on a local basis. The potential risks from contamination of recreational water environments by chemical and physical agents are described in this chapter. Chemical and physical agents may also lead to degradation of the aesthetic quality of recreational water envi- ronments, which is addressed in chapter 9. Toxins from cyanobacteria and algae, while chemical in nature, are addressed in chapters 7 and 8. 10.1 Exposure assessment Exposure is one of the key issues in determining the risk of toxic effects from chem- icals in recreational waters. The form of recreational activity will therefore play a sig- nicant role. Routes of exposure will be direct surface contact, including skin, eyes and mucous membranes, inhalation and ingestion. In assessing the risk from a par- ticular contaminant, the frequency, extent and likelihood of exposure are important parts of the evaluation. Generally, exposure of skin and mucous membranes is most frequent. For activi- ties involving whole-body contact, the probability that some water will be ingested increases. The skill of the participant in their water recreation activity will be impor- tant in determining the extent of involuntary exposure, particularly by ingestion. Inhalation can be important in circumstances where there is a signicant amount of spray, such as in waterskiing or white water canoeing. Generally, however, inhala- tion is of greater signicance in swimming pools and related environments where disinfection is prac ...

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